He received his doctorate in philosophy from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. His dissertation was The Inescapable Prisoner's Dilemma, directed by Fred Feldman.

Selected Publications

Deontic Morality and Control (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002).

"Control Conundrums: Modest Libertarianism, Responsibility, and Explanation," Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 82 (2001): 178-200.

"Control Requirements for Moral Appraisals: An Asymmetry," "Libertarianism and the Luck Objection," and "On Responsibility, History, and Taking Responsibility," The Journal of Ethics 4 (2000), special issue, Free Will and Moral Responsibility: Three Recent Views.

"Death and Asymmetries in Normative Appraisals," Midwest Studies in Philosophy 24 (2000): 135-50.

"Moral Anchors and Control," Canadian Journal of Philosophy 29 (1999): 175-203.

Moral Appraisability: Puzzles, Proposals, and Perplexities (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).