Physical Anthropology Lecture Outlines

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SCOPES TRIAL CHRONOLOGY

I.      7-10-25 TO 7-21-25  SCOPES TRIAL

        A.    JOHN SCOPES - TEACHER (PLEAD NOT GUILTY); FOUND GUILTY & FINED

        B.    WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN - PROSECUTING ATTY.

        C.    CLARENCE DARROW - DEFENSE ATTY.

        D.    JUDGE RAULSTON

        E.    STEWART - ATTY. GEN.

II.     1926-27        APPEAL TO TENNESSEE SUPREME COURT

        A.    REVERSED THE CONVICTION

        B.    THUS THERE WAS NO CONVICTION TO APPEAL TO THE U.S. SUPREME COURT

III.    BUTLER LAW

        A.    1926  MISSISSIPPI PASSED A VERSION OF THE BUTLER LAW

        B.    1927  ARKANSAS PASSED AN ANTI-EVOLUTION LAW

        C.    1928  TENNESSEE PASSED A VERSION OF THE BUTLER LAW

        D.    1963  TENNESSEE REQUIRED TEXTS TO DISCLAIM EVOLUTION

IV.   1967  SUSAN EPPERSON CHALLENGED ARKANSAS'S ANTI-EVOLUTION LAW

        A.    RULING:  THE LAW VIOLATED THE 14TH AMMENDMENT

        B.    TENNESSEE REPEALED ITS ANTI-EVOLUTION LAW

        C.    ARKANSAS RULED THE STATE LAW WAS VALID; TEACHING EVOUTION WAS A CRIME

V.    1968  APPEAL TO U.S. SUPREME COURT

        A.    RULING:  THE LAWS VIOLATE THE 1ST & 14TH AMMENDMENTS

VI.   1960-70s  CREATION SCIENCE & BALANCED TREATMENT

VII.  1981  MCLEAN VS ARKANSAS BOARD OF EDUCATION

        A.    ACT 590 - BALANCED TREATMENT ACT

        B.    RULING:  APPROVED IT

        C.    ACLU FILED SUIT

        D.    JUDGE OVERTON USED *CRITERIA TO RULE

        E.    RULING:  ARKANSAS BALANCED TREATMENT IS UNCONSTITUTIONAL

VIII. 1987  U.S. SUPREME COURT

A.    RULING:  RULED AGAINST LOUISIANA BALANCED TREATMENT ACT


                                     MCLEAN V. ARKANSAS BOARD OF EDUCATION

                                              JUDGE WILLIAM OVERTON'S CRITERIA

IX.       DID ACT 590 HAVE A SECULAR LEGISLATIVE PURPOSE?

B.        "THE ACT WAS PASSED WITH THE SPECIFIC PURPOSE OF ADVANCING RELIGION"

X.        DID ACT 590 ADVANCE RELIGION?

            A.        PLAINTIFFS PRESENTED EXPERT WITNESSES TO ESTABLISH CLAIMS OF CREATION FROM NOTHING, WORLDWIDE FLOOD, RECENT BEGINNING OF THE EARTH, A CREATOR, ETC.

            B.        THE SPONSORS WERE MOTIVATED BY THEIR RELIGIOUS BELIEFS

            C.        "THE ONLY REAL EFFECT OF ACT 590 IS THE ADVANCEMENT OF RELIGION"

XI.       WOULD ACT 590 PRODUCE AN EXCESSIVE ENTANGLEMENT OF GOVERNMENT AND RELIGION?

            A.        COMPLIANCE WOULD INVOLVE FEDERAL AND STATE AUTHORITIES IN "DELICATE RELIGIOUS JUDGEMENTS"

            B.        AGREED WITH ACLU CONTENTION THAT "CREATION-SCIENCE IS RELIGION IN DISGUISE"

           OVERTON'S SOLUTION TO WHETHER "CREATION SCIENCE" IS A SCIENCE

XII.      DO CREATIONISTS' CLAIMS CONSTITUTE REASONABLE SCIENTIFIC CLAIM-MAKING?  (SEE JURMAIN TEXT, PP. 19-20)

            A.        CREATIONISTS LACK SKEPTICISM, UNIVERSALITY, & DISINTERESTEDNESS

            B.        CREATIONISTS ARE DOGMATIC RATHER THAN SKEPTICAL

            C.        CREATIONISTS DO NOT ADMIT THE VALIDITY OF UNIVERSALLY OBVIOUS SCIENTIFIC FACTS

            D.        CREATIONISTS CONCLUSIONS ARE BIASED BY THEIR GREATER INTEREST IN ADVANCING RELIGION THAN IN DISCOVERING TRUTH

                        EX:  THE CREATION RESEARCH SOCIETY REQUIRES MEMBERS TO TAKE OATHS CONCERNING THEIR BELIEF IN A LITERAL INTERPRETATION OF THE GENESIS STORY, FIDELITY TO BELIEF IN GOD


XIII.     DO CREATIONISTS DISPLAY THE QUALITIES OF PROFESSIONAL SCIENTISTS?

            A.        THEY DO NOT ACTIVELY PARTICIPATE IN SCIENTIFIC INTELLECTUAL LIFE; FEW PUBLISH IN STANDARD SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS

XIV.     DO CREATIONISTS DO WHAT SCIENTISTS DO?  (PUBLISH IN SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS AND SUBMIT CLAIMS ABOUT CREATIONISM FOR PEER REVIEW)

            A.        THEY DO NOT PRODUCE OR DISSEMINATE SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE OR SUBMIT CLAIMS FOR PEER REVIEW

            B.        MANY DO HAVE ADVANCED DEGREES FROM PRESTIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS (PH.D.s IN BIOCHEMISTRY, ETC. FROM BERKELEY, HARVARD, UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA)

XV.      ARE CREATIONISTS EMPLOYED BY LEADING SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS?

            A.        THEY ARE NOT EMPLOYED BY LEADING SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS

XVI.     DO CREATIONISTS HAVE SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT THEIR CLAIMS?

            A.       ARGUMENTS ASSERTED BY CREATIONISTS ARE NOT BASED ON SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE OR LABORATORY DATA

            B.        THEY LACK EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE (EXPLANATIONS, PREDICTIONS, EXPERIMENTATION, OBSERVATION)

                                                              OVERTON'S DECISION

1.         ARKANSAS'S BALANCED TREATMENT STATUTE IS UNCONSTITUTIONAL

2.         CREATIONISTS ARE NOT INVOLVED IN A DISINTERESTED SEARCH FOR SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE

3.         CREATIONISTS ARE NOT SCIENTISTS & DO NOT FUNCTION AS SCIENTISTS

4.         CREATION SCIENCE HAS NO SCIENTIFIC MERIT OR EDUCATIONAL VALUE AS SCIENCE

5.         THE ONLY EFFECT OF ACT 590 IS THE ADVANCEMENT OF RELIGION

CELLULAR GENETICS (CH. 3)

I.          CHROMOSOMES 

            A.        HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES (AUTOSOMES)

            B.        SEX CHROMOSOMES

II.         CELL DIVISION

            A.        MITOSIS - SOMATIC CELLS

            B.        MEIOSIS - PRODUCTION OF GAMETES

                        1.         REDUCTION DIVISION

                        2.         HAPLOID NUMBER

                        3.         DIPLOID NUMBER

III.        GENES

            A.        LOCUS

            B.        ALLELES

            C.        GENOTYPE

                        1.         HOMOZYGOUS

                        2.         HETEROZYGOUS

                        3.         HEMIZYGOUS

            D.        PHENOTYPE

MOLECULAR GENETICS (CH. 3)

I.          DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID)

            A.        DOUBLE HELIX

                        1.         NITROGEN BASE

                        2.         BASE PAIRS

                        3.         NUCLEOTIDE

            B.        REPLICATION

            C.        PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

                        1.         mRNA - TRANSCRIPTION

                        2.         TRIPLETS / CODONS

                        3.         RIBOSOMES

                        4.         tRNA - TRANSLATION

II.         SOURCES OF VARIABILITY

            A.        MUTATION

                        1.         CROSSING OVER

                        2.         DELETION

                        3.         TRANSLOCATION

                        4.         INVERSION

                        5.         DUPLICATION

            B.        EXAMPLES

                        1.         TRISOMY 21

                        2.         SICKLE CELL


MENDELIAN GENETICS (CH. 4)

I.          PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE

            A.        INHERITED TRAITS

                        1.         MENDELIAN

                        2.         POLYGENETIC

                        3.         PLEIOTROPY

            B.        GREGOR MENDEL

                        1.         PRINCIPLE OF SEGREGATION

                        2.         PRINCIPLE OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

                        3.         DETERMINING THE RESULTS OF MATING -

                       

                                    GENOTYPE & PHENOTYPE

II.         EXAMPLES OF INHERITANCE:

            A.        ABO BLOOD SYSTEM

            B.        Rh BLOOD TYPE SYSTEM

            C.        SICKLE CELL

            D.        BREAST CANCER

            E.        APO-A1 MILANO

III.        GENETIC ENGINEERING


DARWIN AND EVOLUTIONARY THEORY

I.          GEORGE CANNING’S LEFT BUTTOCK & THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES

            A.        A CHAIN OF IMPROBABLE CONSEQUENCES

            B.        EVOLUTION AS A CHAIN OF IMPROBABLE CONSEQUENCES

II.         DARWIN’S MIDDLE ROAD:

            A.        SCIENTIFIC INDUCTIVISM?  OR EURIKAISM?

            B.        INFLUENCE OF THE CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT ON THEORY

III.        INFLUENCES ON DARWIN'S THOUGHT

            A.        ERASMUS DARWIN – ALL LIFE FROM A SINGLE SOURCE

            B.        THOMAS MALTHUS – ON POPULATION

            C.        CHARLES LYELL - UNIFORMITARIANISM

            D.        LAMARCK - INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS

            E.        ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE

IV.       DARWIN'S SYNTHETIC THEORY OF EVOLUTION (CH. 4)

            A.        EVOLUTION (MUTABILITY OF SPECIES)

            B.        COMMON DESCENT

            C.        MULTIPLICATION OF SPECIES

            D.        GRADUALISM

            E.        NATURAL SELECTION

                        1.         DIFFERENTIAL REPRODUCTION VS. SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST

V.        THE MODERN SYNTHESIS


PRINCIPLES OF EVOLUTION

I.          THE BASIS OF EVOLUTIONARY THEORY

            A.        POPULATION GENETICS

                        1.         POPULATION

                       

                        2.         GENE POOL

II.         THE PROCESS OF EVOLUTION:

            A.        MUTATION

            B.        RECOMBINATION

            C.        GENETIC DRIFT

            D.        GENE FLOW

            E.        ADAPTATION

            F.         NATURAL SELECTION

III.        MUTATION

            A.        MUTATION RATE

                        1.         EXAMPLE:  CHONDRODYSTROPHIC DWARFISM

            B.        ADAPTIVE V. DELETERIOUS MUTATIONS

                        1.         PREADAPTATION

                       

                                    a.         EXAMPLE:  CROSOPTERYGIANS


IV.       GENETIC DRIFT

            A.        RANDOM FLUCTUATION IN SMALL, ISOLATED POPULATIONS

            B.        FOUNDER EFFECT / SEWALL WRIGHT EFFECT

V.        HARDY-WEINBERG FORMULA

            A.        GENETIC EQUILIBRIUM

            B.        p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

            C.        TEST OF H-W EQUILIBRIUM

VI.       GENE FLOW

VII.      ADAPTATION

VIII.     NATURAL SELECTION

            A.        DIFFERENTIAL REPRODUCTION

            B.        DIRECTIONAL SELECTION

            C.        STABILIZING SELECTION

                        1.         BALANCED POLYMORPHISM

            D.        DISRUPTIVE OR DIVERGENCE SELECTION

APPROACHES TO HUMAN VARIATION (CH. 15)

THE CONCEPT OF RACE

I.       RACE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY

         A.   THE AGE OF DISCOVERY

         B.   18TH CENTURY ENLIGHTENMENT

                1.    DEGERANDO

         C.   19TH CENTURY CONCEPTS OF RACE & CIVILIZATION

                1.    CUVIER

                2.    THE SOCIOPOLITICAL MILIEU

                       a.    MONOGENESIS 

                       b.    POLYGENESIS

                       c.    DEGENERATION

                3.    HERBERT SPENCER & SOCIAL DARWINISM

                       a.    SCIENTIFIC RACISM

                4.    RACIAL CRANIOLOGY

                       a.    ROBERT BENNETT BEAN

               

                       d.    PAUL TOPINARD

(1)CONCEPT OF "TYPE"

(2)CEPHALIC INDEX
(3)BIOLOGICAL DETERMINISM

                       e.    PAUL BROCA

                      

                              (1)   BRACHYCEPHALIC

                              (2)   DOLICHOCEPHALIC


                                                    THE CONCEPT OF RACE (CONT.)

                             

II.      RACE & THE TEACHING OF ANTHROPOLOGY - 3 PHASES:

         A.   19TH C. - MONOGENISM VS. POLYGENISM

        

         B.   EARLY 20TH C. - FRANZ BOAS

         C.   1960-1970s:  SPLITTERS VS. LUMPERS

                1.    1975-1979 THE CHANGING STRUCTURE OF EDUCATION

III.     RACE IN PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY & FORENSICS

         A.   MORPHOLOGY & DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION ANALYSIS

         B    JURMAIN & NELSON TEXTBOOK (1994 & 2000 COMPARED)

IV.    THE SOCIAL MISUSE OF RACE

         A.   THE BELL CURVE (MURRAY & HERNSTEIN)

                1.    INTELLIGENCE & MISMEASUREMENT

V.     CLINES VS. TAXONOMY


HUMAN ADAPTATION (CH. 15) - (NOT COVERED IN LECTURE)

I.       BIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION

         A.   GENETIC ADAPTATION

         B.   ACCLIMATIZATION

         C.   CULTURAL ADAPTATION

II.      SKIN COLOR

         A.   KERATIN

         B.   HEMOGLOBIN

         C.   MELANIN

         D.   GLOGER'S RULE

III.     ADAPTATIONS TO COLD & HEAT

         A.   HYPOTHERMIA

         B.   VASOCONSTRICTION

         C.   BASAL METABOLIC RATE

         D.